![]() ![]() ``The Americans say we threatened them, but how did they get that into their heads? What has that to do with the letter which I sent to Nixon?'' asked Brezhnev. He and his colleagues characterized Nixon's decision as irresponsible. Brezhnev expressed his indignation at the fact that the Americans had prepared their troops for military action. Marshal Andrei Grechko, the Minister of Defense, and Yuri Andropov, the head of the KGB, informed the participants of Defcon III. Almost all of the Soviet leaders took part in the discussion. It was one of the most important of all Politburo meetings held in connection with the Yom Kippur War. As a head of the Foreign Ministry department, I attended the meeting. At 11:30 a.m., Moscow time, an extraordinary meeting of the Politburo was held in the Kremlin. Very soon after Admiral Mourer announced the readiness condition, Soviet intelligence reported Defcon III. This turned out to be a huge miscalculation. ``We decided that going to Defcon III could not be noted quickly enough by Soviet decisionmakers,'' wrote Kissinger in his memoirs. In the course of the meeting, a message to Mr. Ernest Mourer, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to go ahead with enhanced readiness. Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger instructed Adm. At about 11:30 p.m., a decision on Defcon III was adopted. Nixon at 9:50 p.m., but Alexander Haig told him that the president had retired for the night and refused to wake him.Īs a result, a National Security Council meeting without the president and vice president commenced at 10:40 p.m. According to Kissinger, he tried to reach Mr. Kissinger hastened to inform the president of this message. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger received a message from Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev stating that Moscow was contemplating unilateral military steps in the Middle East. The US decision to move to Defcon III during the Yom Kippur War is well known. Defcon (or Defense Condition) III, the highest state of armed forces readiness for peacetime conditions, was declared in the name of President Nixon. 24, 1973, American troops all over the world were put on alert. Cloud Based HSM Using DPoD vs.TWENTY years ago the world was on the verge of a nuclear confrontation.Risk Management Strategies for Digital Processes with HSMs - White Paper.Secure your data, comply with regulatory and industry standards, and protect your organization’s reputation. The FIPS 140-2 standard technically allows for software-only implementations at level 3 or 4 but applies such stringent requirements that none have been validated.įor many organizations, requiring FIPS certification at FIPS 140 level 3 is a good compromise between effective security, operational convenience, and choice in the marketplace. ![]() Level 4: This level makes the physical security requirements more stringent, requiring the ability to be tamper-active, erasing the contents of the device if it detects various forms of environmental attack. Private keys can only enter or leave in encrypted form. There must also be physical or logical separation between the interfaces by which “critical security parameters” enter and leave the module. Level 3: Adds requirements for physical tamper-resistance and identity-based authentication. Software implementations must run on an Operating System approved to Common Criteria at EAL2. ![]() Level 2: Adds requirements for physical tamper-evidence and role-based authentication. Level 1: Requires production-grade equipment and externally tested algorithms. The FIPS certification standard defines four increasing, qualitative levels of security: Organizations use the FIPS 140-2 standard to ensure that the hardware they select meets specific security requirements. Although FIPS 140-2 is a U.S./Canadian Federal standard, FIPS 140-2 compliance has been widely adopted around the world in both governmental and non-governmental sectors as a practical security benchmark and realistic best practice. If a product has a FIPS 140-2 certificate you know that it has been tested and formally validated by the U.S. What is FIPS 140-2 and why is it important?įIPS (Federal Information Processing Standard) 140-2 is the benchmark for validating the effectiveness of cryptographic hardware. ![]()
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